2013-04-01 10 views
244

Sto cercando un modo efficiente per convertire righe in colonne nel server SQL, ho sentito che PIVOT non è molto veloce e ho bisogno di gestire molti record.Conversione efficiente di righe in colonne nel server sql

Questo è il mio esempio:

---------------------------- 
    | Id | Value |ColumnName | 
    ---------------------------- 
    | 1 |John |FirstName | 
    | 2 |2.4 | Amount  | 
    | 3 |ZH1E4A |PostalCode | 
    | 4 |Fork |LastName  | 
    | 5 |857685 |AccountNumber| 
    ---------------------------- 

Questo è il mio risultato:

-------------------------------------------------------------------- 
|FirstName |Amount| PostalCode | LastName | AccountNumber| 
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 
|John  | 2.4 | ZH1E4A  | Fork  | 857685  | 
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Come posso costruire il risultato?

risposta

370

Esistono diversi modi per trasformare i dati da più righe in colonne. In SQL Server è possibile utilizzare la funzione di PIVOT per trasformare i dati da file di colonne:

select Firstname, Amount, PostalCode, LastName, AccountNumber 
from 
(
    select value, columnname 
    from yourtable 
) d 
pivot 
(
    max(value) 
    for columnname in (Firstname, Amount, PostalCode, LastName, AccountNumber) 
) piv; 

Vedi Demo.

Se si dispone di un numero imprecisato di columnnames che si desidera trasporre, quindi è possibile utilizzare SQL dinamico:

DECLARE @cols AS NVARCHAR(MAX), 
    @query AS NVARCHAR(MAX) 

select @cols = STUFF((SELECT ',' + QUOTENAME(ColumnName) 
        from yourtable 
        group by ColumnName, id 
        order by id 
      FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE 
      ).value('.', 'NVARCHAR(MAX)') 
     ,1,1,'') 

set @query = N'SELECT ' + @cols + N' from 
      (
       select value, ColumnName 
       from yourtable 
      ) x 
      pivot 
      (
       max(value) 
       for ColumnName in (' + @cols + N') 
      ) p ' 

exec sp_executesql @query; 

Vedi Demo.

Se non si desidera utilizzare la funzione di PIVOT, quindi è possibile utilizzare una funzione di aggregazione con un'espressione CASE:

select 
    max(case when columnname = 'FirstName' then value end) Firstname, 
    max(case when columnname = 'Amount' then value end) Amount, 
    max(case when columnname = 'PostalCode' then value end) PostalCode, 
    max(case when columnname = 'LastName' then value end) LastName, 
    max(case when columnname = 'AccountNumber' then value end) AccountNumber 
from yourtable 

Vedi Demo.

Questo potrebbe anche essere completato utilizzando più join, ma sarà necessaria una colonna per associare ciascuna delle righe che non si hanno nei dati di esempio. Ma la sintassi di base sarebbe:

select fn.value as FirstName, 
    a.value as Amount, 
    pc.value as PostalCode, 
    ln.value as LastName, 
    an.value as AccountNumber 
from yourtable fn 
left join yourtable a 
    on fn.somecol = a.somecol 
    and a.columnname = 'Amount' 
left join yourtable pc 
    on fn.somecol = pc.somecol 
    and pc.columnname = 'PostalCode' 
left join yourtable ln 
    on fn.somecol = ln.somecol 
    and ln.columnname = 'LastName' 
left join yourtable an 
    on fn.somecol = an.somecol 
    and an.columnname = 'AccountNumber' 
where fn.columnname = 'Firstname' 
+4

+1. . . Ma nell'ultimo esempio, puoi usare "cross join" piuttosto che "left join" perché ogni subquery restituisce una riga. –

+0

Ho bisogno di creare una query dinamica perché non conosco il numero di righe. Parliamo della conversione di una tabella con 10.000.000 milioni di record – tbag

+7

@tbag Se si dispone di un numero sconosciuto di righe, è necessario utilizzare SQL dinamico ma tenere presente che la trasformazione di milioni di righe non sarà efficiente. – Taryn

4

dato che i dati di rotazione sono ancora caldi ho deciso di aggiungere qualcosa di forma. Questo è piuttosto un metodo che un semplice script, ma offre molte più possibilità. Prima di tutto ci sono 3 script è necessario distribuire: 1) L'utente tipo di tabella definito [ColumnActionList] -> contiene i dati come parametro di 2) SP [proc_PivotPrepare] -> prepara i nostri dati 3) SP [proc_PivotExecute] -> execute lo script

CREATE TYPE [dbo].[ColumnActionList] AS TABLE(
     [ID] [smallint] NOT NULL, 
     [ColumnName] [nvarchar](128) NOT NULL, 
     [Action] [nchar](1) NOT NULL 
    ); 
GO 

    CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[proc_PivotPrepare] 
    (
    @DB_Name  nvarchar(128), 
    @TableName  nvarchar(128) 
    ) 
    AS 
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    -----| Author: Bartosz 
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
    SELECT @DB_Name = ISNULL(@DB_Name,db_name()) 
    DECLARE @SQL_Code nvarchar(max) 

    DECLARE @MyTab TABLE (ID smallint identity(1,1), [Column_Name] nvarchar(128), [Type] nchar(1), [Set Action SQL] nvarchar(max)); 

    SELECT @SQL_Code  = 'SELECT [<| SQL_Code |>] = '' '' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''-----| Declare user defined type [ID]/[ColumnName]/[PivotAction] '' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''DECLARE @ColumnListWithActions ColumnActionList;''' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''-----| Set [PivotAction] (''''S'''' as default) to select dimentions and values '' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''-----|''' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''-----| ''''S'''' = Stable column || ''''D'''' = Dimention column || ''''V'''' = Value column '' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''INSERT INTO @ColumnListWithActions VALUES ('' + CAST(ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY [NAME]) as nvarchar(10)) + '', '' + '''''''' + [NAME] + ''''''''+ '', ''''S'''');''' 
             + 'FROM [' + @DB_Name + '].sys.columns ' 
             + 'WHERE object_id = object_id(''[' + @DB_Name + ']..[' + @TableName + ']'') ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''-----| Execute sp_PivotIT with parameters: columns and dimentions and main table name'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' ' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''EXEC [dbo].[sp_PivotIt] @ColumnListWithActions, ' + '''''' + @TableName + '''''' + ';''' 
             + 'UNION ALL ' 
             + 'SELECT ''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'' '        
    EXECUTE SP_EXECUTESQL @SQL_Code; 

GO 
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[proc_PivotExecute] 
(
@ColumnListWithActions ColumnActionList ReadOnly 
,@TableName      nvarchar(128) 
) 
AS 
--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Author: Bartosz 
--####################################################################################################################### 


--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Step 1 - Select our user-defined-table-variable into temp table 
--####################################################################################################################### 

IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb.dbo.#ColumnListWithActions', 'U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE #ColumnListWithActions; 
SELECT * INTO #ColumnListWithActions FROM @ColumnListWithActions; 

--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Step 2 - Preparing lists of column groups as strings: 
--####################################################################################################################### 

DECLARE @ColumnName      nvarchar(128) 
DECLARE @Destiny      nchar(1) 

DECLARE @ListOfColumns_Stable   nvarchar(max) 
DECLARE @ListOfColumns_Dimension nvarchar(max) 
DECLARE @ListOfColumns_Variable  nvarchar(max) 
--############################ 
--###| Cursor for List of Stable Columns 
--############################ 

DECLARE ColumnListStringCreator_S CURSOR FOR 
SELECT  [ColumnName] 
FROM  #ColumnListWithActions 
WHERE  [Action] = 'S' 
OPEN ColumnListStringCreator_S; 
FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnListStringCreator_S 
INTO @ColumnName 
    WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 

    BEGIN 
     SELECT @ListOfColumns_Stable = ISNULL(@ListOfColumns_Stable, '') + ' [' + @ColumnName + '] ,'; 
     FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnListStringCreator_S INTO @ColumnName 
    END 

CLOSE ColumnListStringCreator_S; 
DEALLOCATE ColumnListStringCreator_S; 

--############################ 
--###| Cursor for List of Dimension Columns 
--############################ 

DECLARE ColumnListStringCreator_D CURSOR FOR 
SELECT  [ColumnName] 
FROM  #ColumnListWithActions 
WHERE  [Action] = 'D' 
OPEN ColumnListStringCreator_D; 
FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnListStringCreator_D 
INTO @ColumnName 
    WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 

    BEGIN 
     SELECT @ListOfColumns_Dimension = ISNULL(@ListOfColumns_Dimension, '') + ' [' + @ColumnName + '] ,'; 
     FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnListStringCreator_D INTO @ColumnName 
    END 

CLOSE ColumnListStringCreator_D; 
DEALLOCATE ColumnListStringCreator_D; 

--############################ 
--###| Cursor for List of Variable Columns 
--############################ 

DECLARE ColumnListStringCreator_V CURSOR FOR 
SELECT  [ColumnName] 
FROM  #ColumnListWithActions 
WHERE  [Action] = 'V' 
OPEN ColumnListStringCreator_V; 
FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnListStringCreator_V 
INTO @ColumnName 
    WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 

    BEGIN 
     SELECT @ListOfColumns_Variable = ISNULL(@ListOfColumns_Variable, '') + ' [' + @ColumnName + '] ,'; 
     FETCH NEXT FROM ColumnListStringCreator_V INTO @ColumnName 
    END 

CLOSE ColumnListStringCreator_V; 
DEALLOCATE ColumnListStringCreator_V; 

SELECT @ListOfColumns_Variable  = LEFT(@ListOfColumns_Variable, LEN(@ListOfColumns_Variable) - 1); 
SELECT @ListOfColumns_Dimension = LEFT(@ListOfColumns_Dimension, LEN(@ListOfColumns_Dimension) - 1); 
SELECT @ListOfColumns_Stable   = LEFT(@ListOfColumns_Stable, LEN(@ListOfColumns_Stable) - 1); 

--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Step 3 - Preparing table with all possible connections between Dimension columns excluding NULLs 
--####################################################################################################################### 
DECLARE @DIM_TAB TABLE ([DIM_ID] smallint, [ColumnName] nvarchar(128)) 
INSERT INTO @DIM_TAB 
SELECT [DIM_ID] = ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY [ColumnName]), [ColumnName] FROM #ColumnListWithActions WHERE [Action] = 'D'; 

DECLARE @DIM_ID smallint; 
SELECT  @DIM_ID = 1; 


DECLARE @SQL_Dimentions nvarchar(max); 

IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb.dbo.##ALL_Dimentions', 'U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE ##ALL_Dimentions; 

SELECT @SQL_Dimentions  = 'SELECT ID = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY ' + @ListOfColumns_Dimension + '), ' + @ListOfColumns_Dimension 
              + ' INTO ##ALL_Dimentions ' 
              + ' FROM (SELECT DISTINCT' + @ListOfColumns_Dimension + ' FROM ' + @TableName 
              + ' WHERE ' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @DIM_TAB WHERE [DIM_ID] = @DIM_ID) + ' IS NOT NULL '; 
              SELECT @DIM_ID = @DIM_ID + 1; 
      WHILE @DIM_ID <= (SELECT MAX([DIM_ID]) FROM @DIM_TAB) 
      BEGIN 
      SELECT @SQL_Dimentions = @SQL_Dimentions + 'AND ' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @DIM_TAB WHERE [DIM_ID] = @DIM_ID) + ' IS NOT NULL '; 
      SELECT @DIM_ID = @DIM_ID + 1; 
      END 

SELECT @SQL_Dimentions = @SQL_Dimentions + ')x'; 

EXECUTE SP_EXECUTESQL @SQL_Dimentions; 

--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Step 4 - Preparing table with all possible connections between Stable columns excluding NULLs 
--####################################################################################################################### 
DECLARE @StabPos_TAB TABLE ([StabPos_ID] smallint, [ColumnName] nvarchar(128)) 
INSERT INTO @StabPos_TAB 
SELECT [StabPos_ID] = ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY [ColumnName]), [ColumnName] FROM #ColumnListWithActions WHERE [Action] = 'S'; 

DECLARE @StabPos_ID smallint; 
SELECT  @StabPos_ID = 1; 


DECLARE @SQL_MainStableColumnTable nvarchar(max); 

IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb.dbo.##ALL_StableColumns', 'U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE ##ALL_StableColumns; 

SELECT @SQL_MainStableColumnTable  = 'SELECT ID = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY ' + @ListOfColumns_Stable + '), ' + @ListOfColumns_Stable 
              + ' INTO ##ALL_StableColumns ' 
              + ' FROM (SELECT DISTINCT' + @ListOfColumns_Stable + ' FROM ' + @TableName 
              + ' WHERE ' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @StabPos_TAB WHERE [StabPos_ID] = @StabPos_ID) + ' IS NOT NULL '; 
              SELECT @StabPos_ID = @StabPos_ID + 1; 
      WHILE @StabPos_ID <= (SELECT MAX([StabPos_ID]) FROM @StabPos_TAB) 
      BEGIN 
      SELECT @SQL_MainStableColumnTable = @SQL_MainStableColumnTable + 'AND ' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @StabPos_TAB WHERE [StabPos_ID] = @StabPos_ID) + ' IS NOT NULL '; 
      SELECT @StabPos_ID = @StabPos_ID + 1; 
      END 

SELECT @SQL_MainStableColumnTable = @SQL_MainStableColumnTable + ')x'; 

EXECUTE SP_EXECUTESQL @SQL_MainStableColumnTable; 

--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Step 5 - Preparing table with all options ID 
--####################################################################################################################### 

DECLARE @FULL_SQL_1 NVARCHAR(MAX) 
SELECT @FULL_SQL_1 = '' 

DECLARE @i smallint 

IF OBJECT_ID('tempdb.dbo.##FinalTab', 'U') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE ##FinalTab; 

SELECT @FULL_SQL_1 = 'SELECT t.*, dim.[ID] ' 
            + ' INTO ##FinalTab ' 
            + 'FROM ' + @TableName + ' t ' 
            + 'JOIN ##ALL_Dimentions dim ' 
            + 'ON t.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @DIM_TAB WHERE [DIM_ID] = 1) + ' = dim.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @DIM_TAB WHERE [DIM_ID] = 1); 
           SELECT @i = 2        
           WHILE @i <= (SELECT MAX([DIM_ID]) FROM @DIM_TAB) 
            BEGIN 
            SELECT @FULL_SQL_1 = @FULL_SQL_1 + ' AND t.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @DIM_TAB WHERE [DIM_ID] = @i) + ' = dim.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @DIM_TAB WHERE [DIM_ID] = @i) 
            SELECT @i = @i +1 
           END 
EXECUTE SP_EXECUTESQL @FULL_SQL_1 

--####################################################################################################################### 
--###| Step 6 - Selecting final data 
--####################################################################################################################### 
DECLARE @STAB_TAB TABLE ([STAB_ID] smallint, [ColumnName] nvarchar(128)) 
INSERT INTO @STAB_TAB 
SELECT [STAB_ID] = ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY [ColumnName]), [ColumnName] 
FROM #ColumnListWithActions WHERE [Action] = 'S'; 

DECLARE @VAR_TAB TABLE ([VAR_ID] smallint, [ColumnName] nvarchar(128)) 
INSERT INTO @VAR_TAB 
SELECT [VAR_ID] = ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY [ColumnName]), [ColumnName] 
FROM #ColumnListWithActions WHERE [Action] = 'V'; 

DECLARE @y smallint; 
DECLARE @x smallint; 
DECLARE @z smallint; 


DECLARE @FinalCode nvarchar(max) 

SELECT @FinalCode = ' SELECT ID1.*' 
             SELECT @y = 1 
             WHILE @y <= (SELECT MAX([ID]) FROM ##FinalTab) 
              BEGIN 
               SELECT @z = 1 
               WHILE @z <= (SELECT MAX([VAR_ID]) FROM @VAR_TAB) 
                BEGIN 
                 SELECT @FinalCode = @FinalCode + ', [ID' + CAST((@y) as varchar(10)) + '.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @VAR_TAB WHERE [VAR_ID] = @z) + '] = ID' + CAST((@y + 1) as varchar(10)) + '.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @VAR_TAB WHERE [VAR_ID] = @z) 
                 SELECT @z = @z + 1 
                END 
                SELECT @y = @y + 1 
               END 
     SELECT @FinalCode = @FinalCode + 
             ' FROM (SELECT * FROM ##ALL_StableColumns)ID1'; 
             SELECT @y = 1 
             WHILE @y <= (SELECT MAX([ID]) FROM ##FinalTab) 
             BEGIN 
              SELECT @x = 1 
              SELECT @FinalCode = @FinalCode 
                       + ' LEFT JOIN (SELECT ' + @ListOfColumns_Stable + ' , ' + @ListOfColumns_Variable 
                       + ' FROM ##FinalTab WHERE [ID] = ' 
                       + CAST(@y as varchar(10)) + ')ID' + CAST((@y + 1) as varchar(10)) 
                       + ' ON 1 = 1' 
                       WHILE @x <= (SELECT MAX([STAB_ID]) FROM @STAB_TAB) 
                       BEGIN 
                        SELECT @FinalCode = @FinalCode + ' AND ID1.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @STAB_TAB WHERE [STAB_ID] = @x) + ' = ID' + CAST((@y+1) as varchar(10)) + '.' + (SELECT [ColumnName] FROM @STAB_TAB WHERE [STAB_ID] = @x) 
                        SELECT @x = @x +1 
                       END 
              SELECT @y = @y + 1 
             END 

SELECT * FROM ##ALL_Dimentions; 
EXECUTE SP_EXECUTESQL @FinalCode; 
--####################################################################################################################### 

di eseguire la prima query (passando DB sorgente e il nome della tabella) si otterrà una query di esecuzione pre-creato per il secondo SP, tutto quello che dovete fare è definire è la colonna dalla sorgente : + Stabile + Valore (verrà utilizzato per concentrare i valori in base a quello) + Dim (colonna che si desidera utilizzare per ruotare)

I nomi e i tipi di dati saranno definiti automaticamente!

Non posso raccomandarlo per qualsiasi ambiente di produzione ma esegue il lavoro per richieste BI ad hoc.

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